Germanium
Block pPeriod 4Group 14solid at 20 °C
Configuration :[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Atomic mass :72.63 u
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Modèle de Bohr · pédagogique
Electron configuration
Full1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Short[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Valence electrons4
KLMNOPQ shells
K2
L8
M18
N4
Electronegativity
Pauling2.01
Allen1.994
Mulliken (eV)—
Atomic radii
Empirical125 pm
Calculated125 pm
Covalent120 pm
Van der Waals211 pm
Ionic radii (Shannon-Prewitt)
+453 pm
Successive ionisation energies
I₁762.2 kJ/mol
I₂1537.5 kJ/mol
I₃3302.1 kJ/mol
I₄4411 kJ/mol
I₅9020 kJ/mol
Electron affinity119 kJ/mol
Oxidation states
-4-3-2-10+1+2+3+4
Bold states = most common.