3D Bohr-model representation of the Gallium atom (symbol Ga, atomic number Z=31). Electron shell configuration: 2, 8, 18, 3 electrons.
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Bohr model · educational
Bohr model of gallium
Gallium (Ga) has 31 electrons, spread over 4 shells. The diagram places them on circles around the nucleus, from the K shell — the closest — outward.
| Shell | Electrons |
|---|---|
| K (n = 1) | 2 |
| L (n = 2) | 8 |
| M (n = 3) | 18 |
| N (n = 4) | 3 |
The Bohr model is a teaching picture: electrons do not travel in circular orbits, but the number of electrons per shell is exact.
Electron configuration
Full1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹
Short[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹
Valence electrons3
KLMNOPQ shells
K2
L8
M18
N3
Electronegativity
Pauling1.81
Allen1.756
Mulliken (eV)—
Atomic radii
Empirical130 pm
Calculated136 pm
Covalent122 pm
Van der Waals187 pm
Ionic radii (Shannon-Prewitt)
+362 pm
Successive ionisation energies
I₁578.8 kJ/mol
I₂1979.3 kJ/mol
I₃2963 kJ/mol
I₄6180 kJ/mol
Electron affinity28.9 kJ/mol
Oxidation states
-5-4-3-2-1+1+2+3
Bold states = most common.
Warm-up
Gallium — do you remember?
3 questions on this page. The right answer shows every time, and nothing is asked of you to play.
No account · one minute