69Tm168.934

Thulium

LanthanidesBlock fPeriod 6solid at 20 °C
Configuration :[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²
Atomic mass :168.934218 u
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Modèle de Bohr · pédagogique

Electron configuration

Full[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²
Short[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²
Valence electrons3
KLMNOPQ shells
K2
L8
M18
N31
O8
P2

Electronegativity

Pauling1.25
Allen
Mulliken (eV)

Atomic radii

Empirical175 pm
Calculated222 pm
Covalent190 pm
Van der Waals
Ionic radii (Shannon-Prewitt)
+388 pm

Successive ionisation energies

I₁596.7 kJ/mol
I₂1160 kJ/mol
I₃2285 kJ/mol
I₄4120 kJ/mol
Electron affinity

Oxidation states

+2+3
Bold states = most common.
Period 6Block fFamily Lanthanides
Sources : NIST Atomic Weights & Isotopic Compositions, IUPAC Recommendations, CODATA. Methodology