Hafnium
Block dPeriod 6Group 4solid at 20 °C
Configuration :[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²
Atomic mass :178.486 u
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Modèle de Bohr · pédagogique
Electron configuration
Full[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²
Short[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²
Valence electrons4
KLMNOPQ shells
K2
L8
M18
N32
O10
P2
Electronegativity
Pauling1.3
Allen—
Mulliken (eV)—
Atomic radii
Empirical155 pm
Calculated208 pm
Covalent175 pm
Van der Waals—
Ionic radii (Shannon-Prewitt)
+471 pm
Successive ionisation energies
I₁658.5 kJ/mol
I₂1440 kJ/mol
I₃2250 kJ/mol
I₄3216 kJ/mol
Electron affinity17.2 kJ/mol
Oxidation states
-20+1+2+3+4
Bold states = most common.